Wisdom in Living: Perspectives that Give Meaning to Life
Seneca
Philosophical Stance
Marcus Aurelius
Wisdom Manifesto
Epictetus
Journey of Will
SENECA
Seneca, a prominent figure in ancient Rome, was not only a philosopher but also a statesman, orator, and wealthy businessperson. Despite serving as an advisor to Emperor Nero, Seneca is best known for his works on Stoic philosophy, consisting of letters and essays. Among his teachings, he emphasized that inner peace and happiness are the most valuable goals in life. Questioning the limits of materialism and highlighting the importance of living a virtuous life, Seneca argued for the development of inner strength and resilience to cope with difficulties. His philosophy continues to garner significant interest in modern psychology and personal development literature.
MARCUS AURELIUS
Marcus Aurelius, the Stoic philosopher-Emperor of the Roman Empire in the 2nd century, is renowned for his work “Meditations,” which is known as a personal philosophical diary containing his reflections. It is considered one of the most influential works of ancient philosophy. Even during his imperial duties, Marcus Aurelius strove to practice Stoic virtue and maintain inner tranquility. Emphasizing the importance of inner peace and virtue, he highlighted the need to develop resilience and prudence in the face of challenges. Marcus Aurelius’ philosophy remains a significant source of interest for modern readers seeking peace and balance in their inner lives.
EPICTETUS
Epictetus was an ancient Greek Stoic philosopher who lived in the 1st and 2nd centuries AD. His teachings were recorded by his student Arrian in the “Discourses” and the “Enchiridion.” Epictetus focused on the dichotomy of control, emphasizing that individuals should only concern themselves with what is within their control, namely their thoughts and behaviors, and accept what is beyond their control. He advocated for living in accordance with nature, maintaining inner peace, and developing resilience in the face of adversity. Epictetus’ philosophy, with its practical and ethical approach to life, continues to inspire many to this day.
Zeno of Citium
Zeno is known as the founder of ancient Greek Stoic philosophy. Born in the 4th century BC, Zeno taught his philosophy in Athens and established the Stoic school. Stoicism is a philosophical school that emphasizes living a virtuous life and maintaining emotional balance. Zeno’s teachings focus on adapting to the laws of nature, finding inner peace, and remaining emotionally balanced in the face of external events. According to him, instead of focusing on things beyond one’s control, individuals should only concern themselves with their own thoughts and actions. This mindset is a fundamental principle of Stoic philosophy and continues to be a source of guidance and inspiration for many people today.
CLEANTHES
Cleanthes was a Greek Stoic philosopher who succeeded Zeno of Citium as the second head (scholarch) of the Stoic school in Athens. He was born in Assos, in the Troad, in c. 330 BC and died at Athens in c. 230 BC. Cleanthes’ most important surviving work is a long poem, “Hymn to Zeus,” which expresses his Stoic beliefs. In his philosophy, Cleanthes emphasized living in harmony with nature, accepting what cannot be changed, and developing inner strength through reason. Cleanthes’ teachings played a significant role in shaping Stoic thought, particularly in emphasizing the importance of living in accordance with nature and cultivating virtue. His work continues to be studied and admired for its profound insights into the human condition.